A well-sourced chain can establish that a record was made without establishing the underlying biological or economic relationship. Genealogy's source hierarchy is a discipline for naming that gap.
In 1928 Joseph Bédier audited a field's published family trees and found they had the shape that let editors pick the answer they wanted. Three disciplines that hit genuine underdetermination, and what each does about it.
Thirty generations back you should have a billion ancestors. There weren't a billion people. The arithmetic that fails there fails the same way in an exposure report.